Cenozoic Era
66 - Present
Paleogene Period
66 - 23.03 42.97
Paleocene Epoch
66 - 56 10
Selandian Age
61.6 - 59.2 2.4
  60 - 58 2 Puentemys P. mushaisaensis, †Puentemys, †Foxemydina, †Bothremydidae, Pleurodira, Teatudines, Reptila, 2012 Correjon formation, Colombia |
  60 - 50 10 Barylambda B. faberi, †Barylambda, †Pantodonta, †Cimolesta, Mammalia. Chrdata 3Sp 1933 N America |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/19 Peter's elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii, Present Least concern.png)  _ Ancient Actinopterygii/19 Peter's elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii, 60 - Present Least concern.png) 66 - 0 Peter's elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii, Gnathonemus, Mormyridae, Osteoglossiformes, Actinopterygii. 2Sp Least concern |
 60 - 58 2 Titanaboa T. cerrejonensis, Titanaboa, Boidea, Serpentes Squamata, Reptilia, Amazon basin 2009 Paleocene |
  60 - 58 2 Waimanu W. manneringi, Waimanu, Spheniscoformes, Aves, New Zealand |
  66 - 0 Common potoo Nyctibius griseus, Nyctibius, Nyctibiidae, Caprimulgiformes, Aves, C & S America Least concern |
60 nt Meteora rock formation
C Greece earth movements push seabed up making high plateau & vertical vertical fault lines thick sandstone layer |
| 60 mi Cedar Breaks National Monument shale, limestone, and sandstone ancient lake Claron 70/250m / 110/400km erodes 2"/50mm every 5 years |
60  Hippos ><  whales artiodactyls |
60 - 11,000  Channel Islands pygmy mammoth Channel Islands of California. Columbian mammoth ancestor
1.72m/5.6' tall 760kg/1,680lb 4.3m/14ft 9,070/20,000lb |
60? - 0 Tethytheria Mirorder Paenungulata Superorder Afrotheria Magnorder Placentalia Subdivision Mammalia Class
 Elephants |
  dugongs |
  manatees |
|
60 - 0  Proboscidea elephant Order Tethytheria Mirorder Paenungulata Superorder Afrotheria Magnorder Placentalia Subdivision Mammalia Class |
| 60 - 0 Gliriforme Grandorder |
| 60 - 0 Pangolins, or scaly anteaters Order Pholidota Mirorder Ferae Superorder Laurasiatheria |
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Thanetian Age
59.2 - 56 3.2
mi Numidotheriidae †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia mainly teeth 4Sp. 1922 Ouled Abdun Basin, Morocco. niche modern hippopotamus & Moeritherium. soft, aquatic plants marshes. Not elephant ancestors, collateral branch
| 56 - 47.8 8.2 Daouitherium D. rebouli, †Daouitherium, †Numidotheriidae, †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 2002 |
| Numidotherium 1 almost complete skeleton S Algeria, Libya 1m/3' |
| Phosphatherium 60 cm 15 kg |
|
| Plesielephantiformes suborder of large herbivorous mammals were closely related to elephants. |
 _ Modern fish/16 Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus albicans, Atantic ocean, 59 - Present Least concern.png) 59 - 0 Atlantic sailfish, Istiophorus albicans, Istiophorus, Istiophoridae, Istiophoriformes, Actinopterygii, Atantic, 3.15m/10.3' 58.1kg/128.1lb 1804 Least concern |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/13 European hornet Vespa crabro Europe 59 - Present .png) 59 - 0 European hornet V. crabro, Vespa, Vespidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda Europe |
| 59 - 0 European wasp V. germanica, Vespula, Vespidae, Apocrita, Hymenoptera, INsecta, Arthropoda 1793 Eurasia & N Africa |
  59 - 0 Longheaded eagle ray A. flagellus, Aetobatus, Myliobatidae, Myliobatiformes, Chondrichthyes, Indo-Pacific Endangered |
| 58.7 - 0 mi Cingulata Xenarthra, Mammalia 1811 3Ge |
| 58.7 - 0 Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder Marsupial Infraclass of Mammal Class Americas. Evolved in Antartcica & moved north |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/27 Sterba's corydoras, Corydoras sterbai, Guapore river, Brazil & Bolivia, 58.5 - Present <img src=) 58.5 - 0 Sterba's corydoras, Corydoras sterbai Guapore river, Brazil & Bolivia,  |
58.1 - 50.7 .4  Siletz River Volcano Oregon Coast Range, United States |
 58 - 41 17 Riostegotherium R. yanei, Riostegotherium, Xenarthra, Mammalia, "covered beast", 1998 Rio, SE Brazil |
58  Thames river. 13th oldest. Emties N Sea. |
| 58 Castle Rock butte Colorado Piedmont region Great Plains |
58 - 0 Microbiotheria order Marsupial subfamily 2 families 1 Microbiotheriidae
2 Woodburnodontidae |
| 58 - 0 Microbiotheriidae family Microbiotheria order |
 66 - 61.6 4.4 Carpolestes simponi "Fruit robber", †Carpolestes, †Carpolestidae, †Carpolestoidea, †Plesiadapiformes, Mammalia, 100g arboreal 1998 |
 58 - 0 Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas, Chelonia, Cheloniidae, Cheloniidae, Chelonioidea, Cryptodira, Testudines, Reptilia, Endangered 1800 |
| 58 - 0 Australidelphia superorder Marsupial subfamily Mammal Family Australasia & 1 species S America |
 57 - 46 11 Coryphodon C. eocaenus, "Peaked tooth", †Coryphodon, †Coryphodontidae, †Pantodonta, †Cimolesta, Mammalia, 1m/3.3' tall 2.5m/8.2' long. Brain 90g/3.2oz Body 500kg/1,100lb Small brain to body. 1845 Mongolia |
  57 - 0 Lagomorpha Gilires, Euarchontoglires, Boreoeutheria, Exafroplacentalia, Mammalia, 3Fa 1855 |
  57 - 1989 Golden toad Incilius periglenes, Incilius, Bufonidae, Anura, Amphibia 42-56mm M86% 1966 Costa Rica |
  57 - 0 Cane toad Rhinella merianae, Rhinella, Bufonidae, Anura. Amphibia, C America & Amazon basin 1758 Least Concern |
57 - 0  Rodents |
. New Zealand Late Paleocene.png) . New Zealand Late Paleocene 57.png) 57 Kumimanu K. biceae, Kumimanu, Sphenisciformes, Aves, "Monster bird". New Zealand |
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Eocene Epoch
56 - 33.9 22.1
Ypresian Age
56 - 47.8 8.2
55.8 - 33.9 11.9  Oxygen 2X beginning Eocene. |
nt 56 - 0 Rhinoceros hornbill Buceros rhinoceros, Buceros, Bucerotidae, Bucerotiformes, Aves, . 80-90cm/31-35" 2,465-2,960g / 87-104.4oz 79%1758
SE Asia NT |
 56 - 0 Eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis, Chelodina, Chelodina, Chelidae, Pleurodira, Testudines, Reptilia, 1794 E Australia, Least concern |
 56 - 0 Garden dormouse, Eliomys quercinus, Eliomys, Gliridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, . 10-15cm/3.9-5.9", 60-140g/2.1-4.9oz 1766 Europe, Near threatened |
 56 - 33.9 16.1 Necrolemur antiquus, N antiquus, †Necrolemur, †Microchoerinae, †Omomydae, Haplorhini, Primates Mammalia, "Dead lemur" 3Sp Germany 1873 |
 56 - 47 9 Teilhardina belgica, †Teilhardina, †Anaptomorphini, †Anaptomorphinae, †Omomydae, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, N America, Europe & Asia, 6Sp 1927 |
 56 Phosphatherium escullei, †Phosphatherium, †Numidotheriidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, "Phosphate beast", Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco 1996 |
 56 - 33.9 22.1 Eomanis waldi, "Dawn pangolin", Eomanis, Eomanidae, Pholidota, Mammalia, 2Sp Germany, 1978 |
 56 - 33.9 22.1 Stylinodon mirus, Pillar tooth, North America, Stylinodon mirus Pillar tooth |
 _ Modern fish/20 Threetooth puffer, Triodon macropterus, Indo-Pacific ocean, 56 - Present Least concern.png) 56 - 0 Threetooth puffer, Triodon macropterus, Triodon, Triodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1831 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern |
 _ Modern fish/9 Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Oceans worldwide, 56 - Present Least concern.png) 56 - 0 Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Katsuwonus, Thunnini, Scombrinae, Scomridae, Scombriformes, Actinopterygii, 1758 worldwide, Least concern |
 _ Modern fish/3 Atlantic flyingfish, Cheilopogon melanurus, Atlantic ocean, 56 - Present Lest concern.png) 56 - 0 Atlantic flyingfish, C. melanurus, Cheilopogon, Exocoetidae, Beloniformes, Actinopterygii, . 32cm/12.6" Swim 19mph/30kmh Glide 3-12m/10-40' to avoid predators. 1848 Atlantic, Least concern |
  56 - 0 Geography cone, Conus geographus, Conus, Conidae, Conoidea, Neogastropoda, Hypsogastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Gastropoda, Mollusca. 4-6"/10-15cm 1758 Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern |
 _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/9 Giant prickly stick insect Extatosoma tiaratum E Australia 56 - Present.png) 56 - 0 Giant prickly stick E. tiaratum, Extatosoma, Extatosomatina, Phasmatidea, Phasmatodea, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1826. E Australia |
 _ stick insect, mantis, cicada 🦗/10 Phyllium giganteum Malasia 56 - Present.png) 56 - 0 Phyllium giganteum, Phyllium, Phylliidae, Phasmatodea, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1984. Malasia |
 56 - 33.9 22.1 Pristichampsus Saw crocodile P. rollinatii, †Pristichampsus, †Pristichampsidae, Crocodilia, Reptilia, . 3Sp 1831. France |
  56 - 0 Pacific electric ray T. californica, Tetronarce, Torpedinidae, Torpediniformes. Easmorbranchii, Chondrichthyes, 1855. california E Pacific ocean Least concern |
  56 - 45 11 Gastornis G. parisiensis, Gastornis, Gastornithidae, Gastornithiformes, Aves, 6Sp 1855 Europe |
/11 Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus Tropical zone Present Vulnerable.png) /11 Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus Tropical zone 56 - Present Vulnerable.png) 56 - 0 Bigeye tuna
Thunnus obesus, Thunnus, Thunnus, Scombridae, Scombriformes, Actinopterygii 1Sp
1839 Tropical zone Vulnerable |
| 56 - 54.5 1.5mi Fur Marine Formation Limfjord, Denmark |
56 - 55,950 50,000 Massive carbon release. PETM ~12,000 Gt carbon (>44000 Gt CO2e) 50,000 years, averaging 0.24 Gt per year. current rate of carbon injection into atmosphere is over 10 GtC/yr,
56 - 55,800 200,000  Global warming 5-8 °C.
Effects
Ocean: Arctic freshwater increased w/ global warming rain, bioturbation absent from bottom-water anoxia, changing circulation patterns changing temperature of bottom.
|
| Sea: Despite lack of ice, sea rose from thermal expansion, shifting palynomorph Arctic assemblages show decreased land vs sea life. Global directions reversed from shift in overturn S to N hemisphere <5,000 yrs. Backflow moved warm water deep increasing warming 40,000 yrs |
| Land: Humidity pushed Asian mammals N Increased CO2 promoted dwarfing & helped speciation? + mammalian orders: Artiodactyls & primates. spread around globe 13,000 - 22,000 years PETM |
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| 56 - 28 28 mi Embrithopoda heavy-footed mammals Asia, Africa, E Europe. Mostly jaws & teeth order best known from terminal member
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56  Odd-toed ungulates |
 _ Modern fish/18 Longhorn cowfish, Lactoria cornuta, Western Pacific ocean, 56 - Present Status not evaluated.png) 56 - 0 Longhorn cowfish, Lactoria cornuta, Lactoria, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1758 W Pacific, Status not evaluated |
 _ Modern fish/37 Regal tang, Paracanthurus hepatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, 56 - Present Least concern .png) 56 - 0 Regal tang, Paracanthurus hepatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Least concern |
 55.8 - 0 Rock hyrax, P. capensis, Procavia, Procaviidae, Hyracoidea, Mammalia, 1766 Sub-saharan Africa, Middle East, Least concern |
 55.8 - 48.6 7.2 Gomphos elkema Peg
China & Mongolia |
 _ Boars, Camels and Giraffes 🐪/1 Diacodexis pakistanensis N America and Eurasia Early Eocene 55.4 - 46.2 Ma.png)  _ Boars, Camels and Giraffes 🐪/1 Diacodexis pakistanensis N America and Eurasia Early Eocene 55.4 - 46.2 Ma.png) 55.4 - 46.2 9.2 Diacodexis pakistanensis N America & Eurasia |
 55 - 0 Brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus, Eurasia, Least concern |
 55 - 0 Birdlike noctule, Nyctaalus aviator, E Asia, Near threatened |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/23 Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, 55 - Present Least concern.png) 55 - 0 Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Least concern |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/24 Prussian carp, Carassius gibilio, Siberia, 55 - Present Least concern.png) 55 - 0 Prussian carp, Carassius gibilio, Siberia, Least concern |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/25 Paedocypris progenetica, Sumatra, Present Near threatened .png)  _ Ancient Actinopterygii/25 Paedocypris progenetica, Sumatra, 55 - Present Near threatened .png) 55 - 0 Paedocypris progenetica, Sumatra |
 55 - 0 Tokay gecko Gekko gecko
SE Asia Least concern |
 55 - 0 Schlegel's Japanese gecko Gekko japonicus E Asia Least concern |
  55 - 0 Mexican mole lizard Bipes biporus California & Mexico Least concern |
  55 - 0 Helmeted guineafowl Numida meleacui 9 ss Africa |
 _ Canidae 🐶/3 Miacis parvivorus Mother animal N America Europe and China 55 - 35 20 Ma.png)  _ Canidae 🐶/3 Miacis parvivorus Mother animal N America Europe and China 55 - 35 20 Ma.png) 55 - 35 20 Miacis parvivorus Mother animal N America Europe & China |
 _ Canidae 🐶/4 Vulpavus palustris Fox grandfather N Ameria Eocene 55 - 48 Ma.png)  _ Canidae 🐶/4 Vulpavus palustris Fox grandfather N Ameria Eocene 55 - 48 Ma.png) 55 - 48 7 4sp Vulpavus palustris Fox grandfather N Ameria Eocene |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/25 Onychocerus albitarsis Brazil 55 - Present .png) 55 - 0 25sp Onychocerus albitarsis Brazil |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/26 Titan beetle Titanus giganteus N South America 55 - Present .png) 55 - 0 Titan beetle Titanus giganteus N South America |
 _ Modern fish/29 Bluefin trevally, Caranx melampygus, 55 - Present Near threatened.png) 55 - 0 Bluefin trevally, Caranx melampygus, Near threatened |
| 55 Daouitherium genus early proboscideans elephants & extinct relatives N Africa fragments of jaws & teeth, Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. 80-170kg / 180-370lb one of earliest large mammals from Africa & one of oldest proboscideans. 200kg/440lb |
55 - 0 Artiodactyla even-toed ungulates hoofed weight equally on 2 (3, 4) of 5 toes. other 3 toes present, absent, vestigial, or posterior. digest cellulose in one or more stomach chambers
220 land species:  pig, mi peccarie  hippopotamus  _ Deers, antelopes and goats 🦌🐂/34 Sable antelope Hippotragus niger S Africa 11.63 - Present Critically endangerd.png) antelope, mouse deer  deer  giraffe  camel  llama  alpaca  sheep /PNG/24 x 24/9102 - Goat.png) goat cattle
Aquatic cetaceans, whales,  dolphins, mi porpoises same ancestors, Cetartiodactyla clade.
odd-toed ungulates push toes 1, 2, & 3.
Digest plant cellulose in intestines. |
55 - 0  Tapir |
| 55 - 44 11 S Gulf Islands seabed sediments laid down: crumpled & gradually thrust upward by tectonic plate movement |
| 55 - 0 monito del monte little monkey of bush or colocolo opossum Argenina & Chile |
50? - 0 50?  Eohippus North America |
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Cenozoic Era
66 - Present
Paleogene Period
66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch
56 - 33.9 22.1
Ypresian Age
56 - 47.8 8.2
| 55 - 0 Eohippus horses Equidae North America |
  54 - 38 16 Notharctus tenebrosus, Notharctus, Notharctidae, Strepsirrhini, Primates, Mammalia, "False bear" 1870 N America |
| 53.7 - 49 4.7 Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2). |
| 53 Volcanos stop warming period. |
| 53 - 45 8 Cetacian's initial diversification of whales shallow waters between India & Asia 30Sp |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/29 Sacred scarab Scarabaeus sacer Mediterranean basin Present .png)  _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/29 Sacred scarab Scarabaeus sacer Mediterranean basin 53 - Present .png) 53 - 0 Sacred scarab Scarabaeus sacer, Scarabaeus, Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera, Insecta, Arthropoda. 1758 Mediterranean basin |
 53 - 0 Black-tailed jackrabbit, L. californicus, Lepus, Leporidae, Lagomorpha, Mammalia, N America, Least concern |
  52.5 - 0 House sparrow Passer domesticus, Passer, Passeridae, Passeriformes, Aves, 12ss 1758 Eurasia Least concern |
  52.5 - 0 Eurasian tree sparrow P. montanus, Passer, Passeridae, Passeriformes, Aves, 15 ss 1768 Eurasia Least concern |
  52.5 - 0 Russet sparrow Passer cinnamomeus E asia Least concern |
  52.5 - 0 Java sparrow Lonchura oryzivora Indonesia Least concern |
  52.5 Icaronycteis index, "Icarus night flyer", †Icaronycteris, †Icaronycteridae, Chiroptera, Mammalia, 3Sp Green river formation, USA |
  52.5 - 0 Hooded pitohui P. dichrous, Pitohui, Oriolidae, Passeriformes, Aves, New Guinea 1850 Least concern |
  52.5 - 0 Lawes's parotia P. lawesii, Parotia, Paradisaeidae, Passeriformes, Aves, Papua New Guinea 1885 Least concern |
  52.5 Onychonycteris finneyi, †Onychonycteris, †Onychonycteridae, Chiroptera, Mammalia, . "Clawed bat", Greene river formation, USA |
  52 - 48 4 Pakicetus inachus, "Pakistan whale" Pakicetus, Pakicetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan |
52 - 0 Archaeoceti 1st cetaceans protowhale Pakicetus & others
52 - 48 4 Pakicetidae "Pakistani whales" Pakistan. 1996 amphibious
| 52 - 48 4 Pakicetus P. inachus, Pakicetus, Pakicetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia,1st whale. 1-2m/3'3"-6'7" 1996 |
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| 50 - 0 Hooded pitohui P. dichrous, Pitohui, Oriolidae, Passeriformes, Aves, 1850 New Guinea Least concern |
 50 Pezosiren "Wallking siren" P. portelli, †Pezosiren, †Prorastomidae, Sirenia, Mammalia, 2001 Jamaica |
  50 - 1890 N Island takahe P. mantelli, Porphyrio, Rallidae, Gruiformes, Aves, 1848 N New Zealand |
  50 - 0 Okinawa rail, G. okinawae, Gallirallus, Rallidae, Gruiformes, Aves, 1981 Endangered |
  50 - 0 Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica Least concern |
| 50 - 35 15 Leptictidium Europe |
| 50 India makes contact with Eurasia. |
  50 - 0 5 Stellar's sea eagle H. pelagicus, Haliaeetus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes. Aves, 1811 NE Asia Vu |
  50 - 0 Harpy eagle H. harpyia, Harpia, Harpiinae, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes, Aves, C & S America Least concern |
  50 - 0 Crowned eagle S. Coronatus, Stephanoaetus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes, Aves, 1766 Africa Least concern |
  50 - 0 Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela 21 ss SE Asia Least concern |
  50 - 0 Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis 10 ss N hemisphere Least concern |
  50 - 0 Ural owl Strix uralensis 15 ss Finland, Russia & Japan Least concern |
  50 - 0 Western barn owl Tyto alba 9 ss Europe & Africa Least concern |
  50 - 0 Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia 22 ss America Least concern |
  50 - 0 Greater honeyguide Indicator indicator Subsaharian era Least concern |
| 50 Late Wisconsin Glaciel Maximum Culmination. |
| 50 - 23 27 Anthracotherium ("Coal Beast") was a genus of extinct artiodactyl ungulate mammals, characterized by having 44 teeth, with five semi-crescentic cusps on crowns of upper molars. genus ranged from early Eocene period until early Miocene, having a distribution throughout Eurasia. |
 50 - 35 15 Leptictidium auderiense, Graceful weasel, Eurasia, MIddle Eocene |
 49 Indohyus major India's pig Kashmir N India |
  copy 2.png" width="21" height="40" alt=""/>49 - 0 Resplendent quetzal P. mocinnoo, Pharomachrus, Trogonidae, Trogoniformes, Aves, 2SS 1832 C America Near threatened |
 48.6 - 40.4 8.2 Rodhocetus balochistanensis, "Rodho whale" Rodhocetus, Protecetinae, Protocetidae, Cetacea, Artidactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan |
 48.6 - 33.9 4.7 Eotheroides E. aegyptiacum, Eotheroides, Dugongidae, Sirenia, Mammalia, "Water bushpig", E Africa & Madagascar |
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  15 - 0 Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, Mesocricetus, Cricetinae, Cricetidae, Rodentia, Mammalia S Turkey & Syria, 7-9"/18-23cm 120-125g Mediterranean VU |
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Cenozoic Era
66 - Present
Paleogene Period
66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch
56 - 33.9 22.1
Ypresian Age
56 - 47.8 8.2
  48 - Present Plumed basilisk, B. plumifrane, Basiliscus, Corytophanidae, Iguania, Squamata, Reptilia, 1875 C America Near threatened |
| 48 - 41 7 Andrewsarchus Central Asia |
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Lutetian Age
47.8 - 41.2 5.6
| 48 - 23 25 Anoplotheriidae Anoplotheroidea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, W Europe mid-sized herbivores like camels smaller & low-slung with long, thick tails subtropical to tropical, much rainfall & vegetation. Like large duiker forages dense growth |
  47.8 - 41.3 6.5 Ambuloceetus natans, "Walking whale" Ambuloceetus, Ambulocetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, |
  47 - 0 Secretary bird S. serpentarius, Sagittarius, Sagittariidae, Accipitriformes, Aves, 1783 Africa Vulnerable |
  47 - 0 King vulture Sarcoramphus papa S America Least concern |
  47 Pholidocercus P. hassiacus, †Pholidocercus, †Amphilemuridae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia, 1983 Germany |
  47 Darwinius D. masillae, †Darwinius, †Adapidae, Strepsirrhini, Primates, Mammalia, Chordat Charles Darwin's Germany |
| 46.3 - 13.6 32.7 Poebrotherium N America |
46 Numidotherium Numidia beast Proboscideans, N Africa, El Kohol, S Algeria, like a modern tapir.
More slender, plantigrade than elephant
| N. koholense 1 90-100 cm tall 250-300 kg. 1 almost complete skeleton 1984 |
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  46 - 43 3 Kutchicetus "Kutch whale" K. minimus, Kutchicetus, Remingtonocetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, Pakistan & India |
| 46 - 0 Arctoidea infraorder |
 _ Ancient Actinopterygii/11 White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, Present, Least concern.png)  _ Ancient Actinopterygii/11 White sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, 45.8 - Present, Least concern.png) 45.8 - 0 White sturgeon, A. transmontanus, Acipenser, Acipenseridae, Acipenseriformes, Actinopterygii
1836 Least concern |
  45 - 0 Horsfield's tarsier, Cephalopachus bancanus, Cephalopachus, Tarsiidae, Haplorhini, Primates, Mammalia, 4 ss
Borneo & S Sumatra, Vulnerable |
  45 - 0 Pen-tailed treeshrew P. lowlii, Ptilocercus, Ptilocercidae, Scandentia, Mammalia
SE Asia, Least concern |
  45 - 0 Large treeshrew, T. tanaa, Tupaia, Tupaiidae, scandentia, Mammalia, SE Asia, Least concern |
  145 - 0 Pom pom crab, L. tessellata, Lybia, Xanthidae, Brachyura, Decapoda, Malacostraca, Crustacea, Arthropoda 2Sp Indo-Pacific, Least Concern |
| 45? Elephant shrews. Macroscelidea, Macroscelea, Afrotheria, Placentalia, Eutheria, Theria, Mammalia, 1838 insectivorous |
 _ Modern fish/19 Japanese puffer, Takifugu rubripes, Japanese sea, Present Near threatened.png)  _ Modern fish/19 Japanese puffer, Takifugu rubripes, Japanese sea, 45 - Present Near threatened.png) 45 - 0 Japanese puffer, T. rubripes, Takifugu, Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, 1850 Japanese sea, Near threatened |
  45 Protectus atavus, "First whale" Protectus, Protecedidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . 1904 Egypt |
 _ Modern fish/17 Eolactoria sorbinii Dawn lactoria Italy, Eocene 45 Ma.png)  _ Modern fish/17 Eolactoria sorbinii Dawn lactoria Italy, Eocene 45 Ma.png) 45 Eolactoria sorbinii, Eolactoria, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii, Osteichthyes, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, 1975 "Dawn lactoria" Italy |
  45 - 43.5 1.5 Remingtonecetus harudiniensis, "Remington's whale" Remingtonecetus, Remingtonecetidae, Cetacea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia, . 2Sp. 1975 Domanda formation Pakistan |
 and New zealand 45 - 33 11.png)  and New zealand 45 - 33 11.png) 45 - 33 11 Anthropornis nordenskjoldi "Human bird" Anthropornis, Palaeeudyptinae, Spheniscidae, Sphenisciformes, Aves, 2Sp La Meseta formation (Antarctica) & New zealand |
/7 Oblong blow fish Takifugu oblongus Western Pacific ocean Present Least concern.png) /7 Oblong blow fish Takifugu oblongus Western Pacific ocean 45 - Present Least concern.png) 45 - 0 Oblong blow fish T. oblongus, Takifugu, Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Actinopterygii. 1949 W Pacific Least concern |
/8 Finepatterned puffer Takifugu poecilonotus Northwestern Paifric ocean Present Least concern.png) /8 Finepatterned puffer Takifugu poecilonotus Northwestern Paifric ocean 45 - Present Least concern.png) 45 - 0 Finepatterned puffer Takifugu poecilonotus NW Paific ocean Least concern |
/9 Yellowfin puffer Takifugu xanthopterus Western Pacific ocean Present Least concern.png) /9 Yellowfin puffer Takifugu xanthopterus Western Pacific ocean 45 - Present Least concern.png) 45 - 0 Yellowfin puffer Takifugu xanthopterus W Pacific ocean Least concern |
45 - 2.6 42.4 Anthracotheriidae family hippopotamus
Elomeryx oldest genus from Asia thrived in Africa & Eurasia
| Oligocene. a few species entered N America |
| MioceneExtinct Europe, Africa |
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45  Twin Peaks Caldera 20km Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 500km2/120mi2 of Challis Creek Tuff |
| 45 - 0 Golden mole Chrysochloridae, Chrysochloridea, Afrosoricida, Mammalia, 10Ge 1825 |
 _ Abyssal fish/26 Warty frogfish, Antennarius maculatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Present Near threatened.png)  _ Abyssal fish/26 Warty frogfish, Antennarius maculatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, 45 - Present Near threatened.png) 45 - 0 Warty frogfish, Antennarius maculatus, Indo-Pacific ocean, Near threatened |
  45 - 0 Grant's golden mole, E. granti, Eremitalpa, Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricida, Mammalia, 1907 W Namibia & W S Africa, Near threatened |
  44 - 37 7 Iberosuchus "Iberian crocodile" I. macrodon, †Iberosuchus, †Iberosuchidae, †Sebecia, †Sebecusochia, Reptilia, 1975 Spain |
  5 Ardipithecus ramidus Root ape NE Africa |
| 42.5 - 31 11.5 Hesperocyon canids Hesperocyoninae Canidae S Canada to Colorado |
42 - 11,000  saber-toothed cats |
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Cenozoic Era
66 - Present
Paleogene Period
66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch
56 - 33.9 22.1
Lutetian Age
47.8 - 41.2 5.6
  45 - 0 Numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, Myrmecobius, Myrmecobiidae, Dasyuromorphia, Marsupialia, Mammalia, 2SS S Australia, Endangered |
  42 - 16 26 Hyaenonod leptorhynchus Hyena-tooth N America Africa & Eurasia |
| 42 - 5.2 36.8 mi Broxton Rocks largest exposure of sandstone 4 miles Altamaha Grit |
40.5  Devil's Tower magma created |
| 42? - 30? 12? Barytherium genus family Barytheriidae primitive proboscideans N Africa. 1st large proboscideans big sexual dimorphism. 1.8-2.0m @ shoulder 2 tonnes |
| 42 - 2.6 39.4 Amphicyonidae Bear Dog |
42 - 15.9 26,100  Hyaenadon Eurasia
42 - 41 1   Deinotherium Romania |
N America, Africa |
|
Bartonian Age
41.2 - 37.8 3.4
| 42 - 0 Numbat Family Myrmecobiidae W australia recently re-introduced to S Australia Notoryctidae Family |
| 41.2 Reticulofenestra reticulata calcareous nanoplankton |
40.4 - 33.9 7.5 Xiphodontidae family even-toed ungulate order Artiodactyla
Europe terrestrial herbivores |
  40 - 0
Common kingfisher Alcedo atthis 7ss Eurasia Least concern |
  40 - 0 Loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta |
  40 - 30 10 Moeritherium Lyonsi, Moeritherium, Moeritheriidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, "Beast from Lake Moeris", Qasr el Sagha formation, Egypt |
  40 Prorastomus sirenoides, Jamaica |
  40 - 0 Greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumauinum, Eurasia, Least concern |
 40 - 0 Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius New Guenea & N Australia |
 40 - 0 Laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaegi 2 ss Australia Least concern |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/12 Eastern honey bee Apis cerana SE Asia Present .png)  _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/12 Eastern honey bee Apis cerana SE Asia 40 - Present .png) 40 - 0 Eastern honey bee Apis cerana SE Asia |
  40 - 35 5 Basilosaurus cetoides King lizard |
40  Primates diverge into suborders Strepsirrhini wet nose primates most of prosimians
 lemur  loris prosimian tarsier
 simian monkey ><
Haplorrhini dry nose primates  apes
Teilhardina asiatica
1st mouse size diurnal small eyes |
|
40 - 0  shrew |
| 40 - 25 Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up |
40 Ailuridae family ancestor  Red Panda |
40 Red Panda ><  bears |
| 40 - 0 Chlamyphoridae family Chlamyphoridae order of armadillo |
40 - 0  Skunk ><  Weasel & Pole Cats |
39.75 - 0  Canidae |
  38 - 34 4 Zygorhiza kochii Yoke-Root N America & Zew Zealand |
38 - 0  Camelinae Camels |
| 38 - 34 4 mi Hueco Tanks syenite pluton formed |
38 - 0 Bears
| 38 - 0 Parictis 1st Bear Genus N America |
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| 38 - 18 10 Amphicynodontinae clade Arctoidea |
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Priabonian Age
37.8 - 33.9 3.9
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/1 Eusmilus bidentatus Europe 37.2 - 28.4 Ma.png)  _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/1 Eusmilus bidentatus True sabre Europe 37.2 - 28.4 Ma.png) 37.2 - 28.4 4.8
Eusmilus bidentatus True sabre Europe |
  37.2 - 33.9 3.3 Icadyptes salasi Ica diver Otuma formation Peru |
  37.2 - 33.9 3.3
Inkayacu paracasensis Water king Peru |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/3 False saber-toothed cat Dinictis felina N America 37.2 - 20.4 Ma.png)  _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/3 False saber-toothed cat Dinictis felina N America 37.2 - 20.4 Ma.png) 37.2 - 20.4 6.8 Dinictis "False saber-toothed cat" D. felina, †Dinictis, †Nimravinae, †Nimravidae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, 1854 N America |
  37 - 30 7 Phiomia serridens Saw-toothed animal of Faiyum †Phiomia, †Phiomiidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 2Sp 1902 N Africa |
  37 - 33 4 Barytherium grave, "Heavy beast", †Barytherium, †Barytheriidae, †Plesielephantiformes, Proboscidea, Mammalia, Fayum, Egypt |
  37 - 35 2 Gigantophis garstini, †Gigantophis, †Madtsoiidae, Serpentes, Squamata, Reptilia N Africa |
  37 - 34 3 New Zealand giant penguin Pachydyptes Thick diver New Zealand |
37 Muir Caldera Hidalgo County, N Mexico Woodhaul Canyon tephra
26x18km 300km2/72m2 |
37 - 0 common shrew opossums family Caenolestidae. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
| eastern caenolestid grey-bellied shrew opossum Andean caenolestid pop <1K |
| northern caenolestid blackish shrew opossum |
| dusky caenolestid Tate's shrew opossum |
|
| 37 - 0 Genus Lestoros Incan caenolestid Incan shrew opossum or Peruvian caenolestid |
| 37 - 35 2 Moeritherium N Africa |
  37 - 0 Sunda flying lemur, G. varia, Galeopterus, Cynocephalidae, Dermoptera, Mammalia, 1799 SE Asia, Least concern |
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Cenozoic Era
66 - Present
Paleogene Period
66 - 23.03 42.97
Eocene Epoch
56 - 33.9 22.1
Priabonian Age
37.8 - 33.9 3.9
| 36.5 - 23 13.5 Yangtze river 16th oldest. Empties E China Sea. |
  36 - 35 1 Palaeomastodon beadnelli, †Palaeomastodon, †Palaeomastodontidae, Proboscidea, Mammalia, 1901 Fayou, Egypt |
  36 - 27 9 Arsiniotherium zitteli, †Arsiniotherium, †Arsiniotheriidae, †Embrithopoda, Mammalia, "Queen Arsinoe's beast", 1902 N Africa |
  36 - 0 Lowland streaked tenrex, Hemicentetes semispinosus, E Madagascar, Least concern |
| 36 - 35 1 Echolocation & filter-feeding evolved @ 2nd radiation |
36 - 35 1 Palaeomastodon Proboscidea. Africa ancestors elephants, mastodons.
flat not pointed tusks scooped plants from swamps. ears on top
2.2m/7'3" @ shoulder 2.5 tonnes 4sp |
  35 - 0 Baluchistan pygmy jerboa, Salpingotulus michaelis, Pakistan, Near threatened |
  35 Star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata, Condylura, Condylurina, Scalopinae, Talpidae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia, 1758 E North America, Least concern |
 _ Hyaenas & early cats 🐯/2 Hoplophoneus primaevus N America 35 - 29 Ma.png)  _ Hyaenas & early cats 🐯/2 Hoplophoneus primaevus Armed murderer N America 35 - 29 Ma.png) 35 - 29 6 Hoplophoneus H. primaevus, Hoplophoneus, Hoplophoninae, Nimravidae, Feliformiam, Carnivora, Mammalia, "Armed murderer" N America |
  35 - 0 Long-tailed jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus Subantarctic & Arctic circles Least concern |
  35 - 0 Great skua Stercorarius skua N Atlantic ocean Least concern |
  35 - 0 Tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata N Pacific ocean Least concern |
  35 - 0 Common murre Uria aalge N Pacific & Atlantic Least concern |
| 35 Juniper Caldera 25 km, Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 500km2/120m2 of Oak Creek Tuff |
35 - 0  Squirrels |
| 35 - 30 5 Arcanotherium genus early proboscidean family Numidotheriidae N Africa |
35 - 0  Monkey |
35 - 0  hedgehog |
| 35 - 0 35 Embolotherium Mongolia |
  35 - 0 Long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus, Asia, Least concern |
  35 - 33 2 Dermotherium major Skin beast Thailand |
| 34.9 City of Rocks State Park. Created by volcano |
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Oligocene Epoch
33.9 - 23.3 10.6
Rupelian Age
33.9 - 27.82 6.08
  34 - 0 Common cuckoo Cuculus canorus 4 ss |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/41 Savannah tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Africa Present .png)  _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/41 Savannah tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Africa 34 - Present .png) 35 - 0 Savannah tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Africa |
  34 - 0 Greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus S North America |
 _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/4 Mased palm civet Paguma larvata SE Asia Present Least concern.png)  _ Hyaenas and early cats 🐯/4 Mased palm civet Paguma larvata SE Asia 34 - Present Least concern.png) 34 - 0 Mased palm civet Paguma larvata, Paguma, Viverridae, Feliformia, Carnivora, Mammalia, 1827 SE Asia Least concern |
 _ Modern fish/1 Exellia velifer, N Africa & Europe, Paleocene 34 Ma.png)  _ Modern fish/1 Exellia velifer, N Africa & Europe, Paleocene 34 Ma.png) 34 Exellia velifer
N Africa & Europe |
  33.9 - 0 Common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, Australia, Least concern |
  33.9 - 0 Pacific spookfish Rhinochimaera pacifica Pacific Least concern |
 _ Boars, Camels and Giraffes 🐪/20 Protoceras celer N America Oligocene - Miocene 33.9 - 20.6 Ma.png)  _ Boars, Camels and Giraffes 🐪/20 Protoceras celer 1st horns N America Oligocene - Miocene 33.9 - 20.6 Ma.png) 33.9 - 20.6 13.3 Protoceras celer 1st horns N America |
33.9 - 0 Tayassuidae family New World pigs medium pig-like hoofed
mi peccary, mi javelina, skunk pig
C & S America & SW N America.
90-130/3.0-4.3' 20-40kg 44-88lb
* Confused with Afro-Eurasia pigs, escaped razorback hogs |
  33.9 - 23.03 10.87 Aetiocetus cotylaveus casual whale N Pacific Late Oligocene |
  33.9 - 0 Japanese spider crab, Macrocheira kaempferi, Japanese sea, Least Concern |
| 33.9 - 5.3 28.6 Hemicyoninae Dog Bear |
| 33.9 - 28.4 5.5 Amphicynodon Bear Europe & Asia |
| 33.81 Mount Aetna 10 km, C Colorado volcanic field 100km2/24m2 Badger Creek Tuff |
| 33.3 - 26.3 7 Cynodesmus genus omnivorous canine N America one of 1st canids to look dog-like. 1m/3.3' size coyote, shorter skull, heavier tail, & longer rump. not good runner; 5 toes, partially retractable claws |
  33 - 0 Proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus, 2 ss, Borneo, Endangered |
  33 - 0 De Brazza's monkey, Cercopithecus neglectus, C Africa, Least concern |
  33 - 0 Northern plains gray langur, Semnopithecus entellus, NE India, Least concern |
  33 - 0 Common spotted cuscus, Spilocuscus maculatus, Cape Yorg region, Australia, New Guinea, Least concern |
  33 - 15 15 Squalodon grateloupii Shark tooth Oceans worldwide |
 _ Hyaenas & early cats 🐯/8 Javan mongoose Herpestes javanis S Asia Present Least concern.png)  _ Hyaenas & early cats 🐯/8 Javan mongoose Herpestes javanis S Asia 33 - Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Javan mongoose Herpestes javanis S Asia Least concern |
 _ Hyaenas & early cats 🐯/9 Banded mongoose Mungos mungo Africa Present Least concern.png)  _ Hyaenas & early cats 🐯/9 Banded mongoose Mungos mungo Africa 33 - Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Banded mongoose Mungos mungo Africa Least concern |
 _ Canidae 🐶/6 Cynodesmus thooides Dog chain N America 33 - 26 Ma.png)  _ Canidae 🐶/6 Cynodesmus thooides Dog chain N America 33 - 26 Ma.png) 33 - 26 7 Cynodesmus thooides Dog chain N America |
 _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/11 Striped polecat Ictonyx striatus Africa Present Least concern.png)  _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/11 Striped polecat Ictonyx striatus Africa 33 - Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Striped polecat Ictonyx striatus Africa Least concern |
 _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/12 Striped skunk Mephitis mephiti N America Present Least concern.png)  _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/12 Striped skunk Mephitis mephiti N America 33 - Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Striped skunk Mephitis mephiti N America Least concern |
  33 - 0 Common egg eater Dasypeltis scrabra Subsahara Least concern |
  33 - 0 Tiger keelback Rhabdophis tigrinus E Asia Least concern |
 _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/11 European honey bee Apis mellifera worldwide Present .png)  _ ant, bee, beetle 🐞/11 European honey bee Apis mellifera worldwide 33 - Present .png) 33 - 0 European honey bee Apis mellifera worldwide |
 _ Modern fish/4 Largescale four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps, Northern South America, Present Near threatened.png)  _ Modern fish/4 Largescale four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps, Northern South America, 33 - Present Near threatened.png) 33 - 0 Largescale four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps
N S America, |
33 Omantherium Oman beast genus barytheriid proboscidean Oman. family Barytheriidae 1st large proboscideans
Big dimorphism |
 _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/19 Japanese badger Meles anakuma Japan Present Least concern.png)  _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/19 Japanese badger Meles anakuma Japan 33 - Present Least concern.png) 33 - 0 Japanese badger Meles anakuma Japan Least concern |
33  Deer |
33  _ Deers, antelopes and goats 🦌🐂/33 Sable antelope Hippotragus niger S Africa Present Critically endangerd.png) Antelope Africa |
33 - 3 30 Obdurodon insignis Genus
†Obdurodon Ornithorhynchidae Family Platypus Tirari Desert C Australia |
| 32.5 Bonanza crater 12km, C Colorado volcanic field Bonanza Tuff 100km2/24m2 |
35? - 33? 2? Barytheriidae heavy beast family primitive proboscideans elephants
N Africa & Oman.
1st large proboscideans big dimorphism |
| 33.9 Eocene-Oligocene extinction volcanos cool world. Aquatics most effected. last ancient cetaceans, Archaeoceti |
| 33.9 - 15.97 18.93 Osbornodon Osborn's tooth genus canid N America last surviving genus of hesperocyonine subfamily, oldest subfamily canids |
 _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/10 Red panda, Ailurus fulgens, Present Endangered.png)  _ Sea lions & Musteloids 🦡/10 Red panda, Ailurus fulgens, 33 - Present Endangered.png) 33 - 0 Red panda, Ailurus fulgens, Endangered |
| 32 Siwash Rock volcanic dike in sedimentary rock Stanley Park, Vancouver BC |
  31 - 0 Three-striped night monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, Venezuela & NE Brazil, Least concern |
  31 - 0 Common marmoset, Callithric jacchus, E Brazil, Least concern |
  31 - 0 Golden lion tamarin, Leontophithecus S Brazil, Endangered |
  31 - 0 Cotton-top tamarin, Saguinas oedipus, NW Columbia, Critically endangered |
  31 Catopithecus browni Before Apes Egypt & Ethiopia |
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/png 32px/Icon_finger,-hand,-gesture,-point,-left.png){kind=icon}
/png 32px/Icon_finger,-hand,-gesture,-point,-right.png){kind=icon}
horse 
rhinoceros
cattle
pig
giraffe
camel
deer
elephant
Crescent volcanics
Titanoboa
Tooth of Time geological feature 
shrew
opossum
Mono–Inyo Craters volcanos: craters, domes, lava 
Megacerops
animal 
hematite
small 
Entelodonts hell pigs 
Caninae, canines 1/3 
